諾貝爾經濟學獎新聞稿(翻譯)
2014諾貝爾經濟學獎頒給
Jean Tirole
因為他在「市場力量和規範的分析」的貢獻
馴服強大企業的科學
JeanTirole是當代最有影響力的經濟學家之一。他在許多領域具有重要的理論研究成果，但是，最重要的是他明確地提出瞭解和規範具有少數強大企業的產業。
許多產業被少數大企業或單一企業所主導壟斷。若未加以規範，這樣的市場往往會產生社會所不預期發生的結果，例如價格比成本高，或是低生產力的企業藉由進入障礙阻止較有生產力的新公司進入市場而生存。
從80年代中期開始，Jean Tirole已經開始研究這樣的問題，例如市場失靈。他利用市場力量研究企業的分析提供了統一的政府政策的問題的理論基礎。例如政府如何處理併購？或卡特爾集團，以及應當如何規範獨佔廠商？
在Jean Tirole之前，研究人員和政策制定者試圖為所有的產業制定一般的原則。他們主張簡單的政策規則，例如對獨佔廠商訂定價格上限，禁止競爭對手之間的勾結，允許在價值鏈中不同位置的企業之間的合作。Jean Tirole指出，理論上這樣的規則在特定條件下可以運作，但有些情況下弊多於利。價格上限迫使主導企業有較強的動機去降低成本，這對社會是好事；但也可以允許了超額利潤(暴利)，這對社會是壞事。在市場上共同制定價格通常是有害的。但有關專利基金的合作卻可以嘉惠每個人。公司和他的供應商的合併可能會鼓勵創新，但也可能扭曲競爭。
最好的規範或競爭政策必須審慎考量每個產業的特性。在一系列的文章和書籍中，Jean Tirole提出制定這種政策的總體理論架構；同時把他應用到許多產業，從電信到銀行。借鑒這些新的見解，政府可以鼓勵具有實力的企業變得更有生產力，同時，又能防止他們傷害競爭對手和顧客。
DSC07717.JPG
2014諾貝爾經濟學獎得主 Jean Tirole (新聞稿 翻譯)
新聞稿(原稿)
Press Release
13October 2014
The Royal SwedishAcademy of Sciences has decided to award The Sveriges Riksbank Prize inEconomic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel for 2014 to
Jean Tirole
Toulouse 1 CapitoleUniversity, France
“for his analysis ofmarket power and regulation”.
The science of tamingpowerful firms
Jean Tirole is one ofthe most influential economists of our time. He has made important theoreticalresearch contributions in a number of areas, but most of all he has clarifiedhow to understand and regulate industries with a few powerful firms.
Many industries aredominated by a small number of large firms or a single monopoly. Leftunregulated, such markets often produce socially undesirable results – priceshigher than those motivated by costs, or unproductive firms that survive byblocking the entry of new and more productive ones.
From the mid-1980s andonwards, Jean Tirole has breathed new life into research on such marketfailures. His analysis of firms with market power provides a unified theorywith a strong bearing on central policy questions: how should the governmentdeal with mergers or cartels, and how should it regulate monopolies?
Before Tirole,researchers and policymakers sought general principles for all industries. Theyadvocated simple policy rules, such as capping prices for monopolists andprohibiting cooperation between competitors, while permitting cooperationbetween firms with different positions in the value chain. Tirole showedtheoretically that such rules may work well in certain conditions, but do moreharm than good in others. Price caps can provide dominant firms with strongmotives to reduce costs – a good thing for society – but may also permitexcessive profits – a bad thing for society. Cooperation on price settingwithin a market is usually harmful, but cooperation regarding patent pools canbenefit everyone. The merger of a firm and its supplier may encourageinnovation, but may also distort competition.
The best regulation orcompetition policy should therefore be carefully adapted to every industry’sspecific conditions. In a series of articles and books, Jean Tirole haspresented a general framework for designing such policies and applied it to anumber of industries, ranging from telecommunications to banking. Drawing onthese new insights, governments can better encourage powerful firms to becomemore productive and, at the same time, prevent them from harming competitorsand customers.
文章定位：
