一個 91 歲的老人 John Demjanjuk 五月12日被德國法院判處五年徒刑,罪名是在二次世界大戰期間的1943.3.27 到 1943 年 9 月中,他擔任死亡集中營的獄卒,協助殺害了 28,000 名猶太人。John Demjanjuk 在戰爭期間,服從命令,執行他的任務。當時他若不服從命令,因為正值戰爭期間,很可能會被槍斃,受軍法審判,應該也會有很重的刑罰。可是戰後,他戰時守法的行為變成了犯罪了。他在距離他犯罪後的六十七年半後被判了行,就算從二次大戰結束開始算,John Demjanjuk 也是在他的行為變成犯罪後的65年多後判刑。
台灣的江國慶案:起因為1996年9月12日位處臺北市空軍作戰司令部營區內女童遭到姦殺身亡,軍方的專案偵辦小組速偵速審,將認定涉案的江國慶於1997年8月13日執行槍決。遭酷刑屈打成招距今未滿 15年,特偵組證實了無辜的江國慶被假設為有罪,遭到刑求、起訴、審判並執行死刑,卻說刑求者因不具備「追訴或處罰犯罪職務」的公務員身分,不能論以「濫權追訴處罰」的重罪,而其他輕罪的追訴權時效只有十年已過,乃以不起訴結案。
這兩個案子有太多值得比較的地方
案件 | John Demjanjuk案
| | 江國慶案 |
犯罪人 | John Demjanjuk |
| 江國慶的刑求者 & 下令刑求者 |
被害人 | 猶太人 |
| 江國慶
|
犯罪者現年 | 91 歲 |
| 應該遠小於91歲 |
犯罪時間背景 | 第二次世界大戰
|
| 平時
|
犯罪行為距今 | 67 年半 |
| 未滿 15 年 |
法律懲罰 | 五年徒刑 |
| 不起訴 |
My friend John kept forwarding me so many emails on this incident. It really makes me and, I think, most of people feel indignant. However, one thing confused me a lot about the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations which the government tried to tell us they could not do anything but leave these "criminals" with impunity.
I, therefore, wish to give an example of a very high profile case in Germany last month, which was barely reported here in Taiwan, to show something different. On May 12, 2011, a German court has found John Demjanjuk guilty of helping to murder more than 28,000 Jews at a Nazi
death camp in World War II. And the 91-year-old served as the death camp guard from Mar. 27, 1943 to mid-September 1943. And you surely know the WWII ended in 1945. From the date of "crime", it's been 67.5 years since then. If counted from the end of WWII, it's almost 66
years. Well, this Demjanjuk was a guard, he just did his job, and just followed the order in the time of war. Why did he need to be punished; in addition, he is 91 years old? He did not commit any crime when he was guard but only followed the command from the superiors. Perhaps, one would argue that because there were 28,000 lives involved in the case. However, in the legal world, every life is equally precious. Besides, 江國慶 was killed in the time of peace and those had him killed did not obey the laws and the code of ethics.
After knowing the case of John Demjanjuk, then went back to this 江國慶 case. I simply found those who had him killed were even worse comparing with John Demjanjuk. Nothing about statue of limitations were raised in this case from the report. If there was, it was definitely dismissed, otherwise JD won't be sentenced.
12 May 2011Last updated at 16:21 GMT A German court has found John Demjanjuk guilty of helping to murder more than 28,000 Jews at a Nazi death camp in World War II.
He was sentenced to five years in prison, one year less than prosecutors had asked for, but will be released pending a possible appeal.
Prosecutors said the Ukraine-born Demjanjuk, 91, was a guard at Sobibor camp in Nazi-occupied Poland in 1943.
He denied serving as a guard, saying he was a prisoner of war and a victim too.
Lawyers for Demjanjuk have said they will appeal against the conviction.
"The court is convinced that the defendant... served as a guard at Sobibor from 27 March 1943 to mid-September 1943," presiding Judge Ralph Alt said.
"As guard he took part in the murder of at least 28,000 people," he said.
An estimated 250,000 people died in the gas chambers at Sobibor. Demjanjuk was convicted of being an accessory to the murder of the 28,060 people who were killed there while he was a guard.
'Very emotional' Demjanjuk, whose family says he is very ill, has been in custody since being extradited from the US in 2009.
Judge Alt said he had ordered Demjanjuk freed during his appeal as he did not pose a flight risk because of his advanced age, poor health and the fact that he was stateless following his expulsion from the US, where after the war he worked in an Ohio car factory and became an American citizen.
Judge Alt told the Associated Press news agency there were "no grounds" to hold him, adding: "It's the law, and so it's justice. I say he's guilty but it's not a final verdict."
World Jewish Congress spokesman Michael Thaidigsmann responded by saying: "For us the important thing is that he got convicted. It's not up to an organisation like us to say whether he should be in jail or not."
But the Simon Wiesenthal Center's Efraim Zuroff, while describing the conviction as "a very important victory for justice", said he was "very surprised" by the decision to free Demjanjuk.
"We don't think that that's appropriate given the heinous nature of his crimes," he said.
Born in Ukraine in 1920, Demjanjuk grew up under Soviet rule.
He was a soldier in the Red Army in 1942 when he was captured by the Germans.
Prosecutors had argued he was recruited by the Germans to be an SS camp guard and that by working at a death camp he was a participant in the killings. No evidence was produced that he committed a specific crime.
It was the first time such a legal argument was made in a German court.
Central to the prosecution's case was an SS identity card indicating Demjanjuk was posted to Sobibor. The defence cast doubts on the authenticity of the card but court experts said it appeared genuine.
Demjanjuk listened to the verdict sitting in a wheelchair without responding, his eyes covered by dark glasses.
Concerns over his health led to frequent delays in the 18-month trial.
Relatives of some of the people killed at Sobibor said they were satisfied with the verdict.
"It's very emotional - it doesn't happen every day," Rudolf Salomon Cortissos - whose mother was gassed at Sobibor - told Associated Press.
Demjanjuk's son said he was relieved at the decision to free his father "because he has never deserved to sit in prison for one minute", but added that "after everything that he's gone through, it is hard to use a word like happy in any context".
Demjanjuk has already spent eight years in detention in Israel.
In the 1980s, an Israeli court identified him as "Ivan the Terrible", a notoriously sadistic guard at the Treblinka death camp, and sentenced him to death.
His conviction was overturned after new evidence showed that another Ukrainian was probably responsible.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12321549
錯殺江國慶 刑求者都不起訴
|
空軍士兵江國慶疑遭錯殺案偵結,江國慶母親王彩蓮昨日手捧遺照出席民間司改會召開的記者會,會中她不斷拭淚,並表示感謝檢察官幫忙查清事實,但不能認同前空軍作戰司令陳肇敏等人未被起訴。(記者廖振輝攝) |
逾追訴時效 九軍官沒事
〔記者林俊宏、林慶川、劉志原、項程鎮、楊國文、陳慧萍、羅添斌、范正祥/台北報導〕沉冤雖得雪,「狗官」卻難懲!台北地檢署偵辦江國慶遭冤殺案及謝姓女童姦殺案,認定在押兇嫌許榮洲是典型戀童症者,需長期治療,昨依殺人罪將他起訴,具體求刑二十年,今移審院方;但造成江國慶冤死而被江父痛斥為「狗官」的軍方人員卻全身而退,檢方雖認定江確遭凌虐、非法取供,但被控傷害、恐嚇及濫權追訴等罪的前空軍作戰司令陳肇敏、反情報隊柯仲慶等九名軍官,卻因已逾「追訴時效」、部份罪證不足,全獲不起訴處分。
違法逾十年 監委莫法度
諷刺的是,江國慶當初被拘禁時,陳肇敏曾拍他的肩膀安慰「男子漢大丈夫知錯能改還有救」,後來還對江說「我會救你」,但江國慶自白後,一路遭軍法官判死刑,檢方昨在起訴書痛批陳肇敏「為達偵破目的可以罔顧程序正義」,身為主官,急功破案,指派不具偵辦權的反情報隊主導偵辦,導致江國慶遭錯殺,故將九人全部移送監察院。然而,參與江國慶案的查案監察委員馬以工強調,依「公務員懲戒法」第廿五條規定,違法失職行為「超過十年」就無法追究行政責任,「監委也無能為力」、「刀不在我手上」,目前只能靠「輿論制裁」。
外界關切當時的空軍作戰司令陳肇敏等九名失職軍方人員,能否追回其退休俸?但軍方回應,本案因「逾追訴時效」,檢方偵結不起訴,依法理,不會影響陳肇敏等九人的退休權益。
至於江父口中的這些「狗官」,當年因「破案」而獲敘獎,監委馬以工認為不管是獎章、獎金都應追回,軍方回應表示,將針對這九人檢討敘獎適當性,據以辦理註銷。
刑求都沒事 司改會痛批
針對此一結果,民間司改會指出,「完全不能接受」江案刑求屬實卻無人負責的結果,要求檢方應依刑法第一百廿五條「濫權追訴致死罪」,起訴包含前國防部長陳肇敏在內的軍官,並指這部分罪責追訴時效還沒過期。
「台灣法治促進會」理事長張學海表示,國防部軍官迫害人權罪證確鑿,馬英九總統不能無動於衷,應表態及有實質作為,給江國慶實質上的平反才有意義。
江國慶遭逼供部份,檢認定反情報隊以佈置靈堂、裝鬼嚇人及電擊棒等手段非法取供,相關筆錄已無證據能力。最高法院表示,已收到最高軍檢署檢察長對江案所提非常上訴,目前還在審理。
本案凸顯對退休人員的追訴困難,目前「公務員懲戒法修正草案」雖對已退休、但在職時違法的公務員增列懲戒條文,但本草案未訂「追溯條款」,未來就算完成立法也無法追溯江國慶案;而軍方雖說,等司法確定江案是冤獄,會對失職人員追究民、刑事責任,但因已逾追訴時效,此說法恐淪為口號,換言之,江父口中的「狗官」不會有人因而入獄,也不會損失退休俸,頂多只能設法追回當年「破案有功」的敘獎而已,注定讓台灣的司法人權紀錄再度蒙羞。
http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2011/new/may/25/today-t1.htm
國家暴力豈可過期無罪2011年 06月01日
如果一個國家的法律既不能審判使用國家暴力冤殺無辜者的政府官員,又不能懲罰在販賣飲食中添加有毒物質20多年,以致毒遍全世界的黑心商人,請問這個國家的法律(立法、司法)還有用嗎?還有權威嗎?還值得信賴與尊重嗎?連基本社會正義都無法維護,還有臉自稱法治或「依法行政」嗎?
法律隱藏極大缺陷
司法院官員說,上等兵江國慶遭酷刑屈打成招後槍決冤死已15年,即使修法改變公務員懲戒追訴期限,也不溯及既往,所以冤殺江的9名軍官並不會遭到懲戒。這也是特偵組不起訴他們的理由。同時,有毒塑化劑害到千千萬萬的消費者,法界人士也說除了最高罰款30萬元,無法將昱伸公司老闆賴俊傑繩之於法。兩大重挫正義的案件,我們的法律和司法界竟然都無能為力,是不是笑不出來的大笑話?是不是在司法及法律部門隱藏有極大的缺陷?
立法院為亡羊補牢,司法及法制委員會前天初審通過,修正公務員失職懲戒追訴的計算時間,但追訴期限仍為10年。江國慶慘案不是法界人所謂的「公務員失職」,而是活生生、赤裸裸的共犯謀殺案。藉由國家暴力謀殺毫無權力的小兵,哪裡是輕輕「失職」兩字就可以「大事化小」以備「小事化無」的?失職與謀殺間的法律和道德距離有如雲泥,一個勁地宣稱失職,是想透過語言的魔障降低罪責的位階,將來脫身較易。
更重要的是國家暴力應該沒有追訴期限。二戰後追緝屠殺猶太人與造成大戰傷亡上千萬人的納粹戰犯,至今還在追緝中。前些年還不時有戰犯在拉丁美洲被逮捕的消息,為什麼沒有追訴期限?因為是國家集體暴力,主其事者滿手血腥,時間怎能原諒他們?還可以過期無罪嗎?有沒有正義天理?
政府犯罪應無限期
德國對政府犯罪立有特別法,超越一般《刑法》位階,永無限期的追訴,其來源即是對二戰的反省。國家暴力犯罪不是一般的犯罪,取消追訴期限是對上位權力者的警惕、約束、監督及懲戒,目的在向受冤公民道歉與賠償,並警告其他權力者不可使用國家權力謀殺、冤殺任何公民。所以,政府暴力的犯罪者必須以《刑法》對治,光是懲戒是不夠的;尤其應無限期追緝,才符合國家暴力嚴重後果的比例原則。
http://tw.nextmedia.com/applenews/article/art_id/33427770/IssueID/20110601
觀念平台-江國慶案「刑不上大夫」?
《孔子家語》〈五刑解〉中,孔子解釋「刑不上大夫,禮不下庶人」的意思時說,「刑不上大夫」,是說大夫有罪,「不忍斥然以呼之」,「所以愧恥之」,或者期待他「造乎闕而自請罪」,或者由他「跪而自裁」,不是不問大夫之罪過錯的意思;「禮不下庶人」,則是說庶人「不能充禮,故不責之以備禮也」。孔子言下之意,這句話看起來責賤而不責貴,其實是責大夫甚於責庶人,只是使用責備的方法不同而已。
不過,孔子的深意,世人多不能解。形成的結果,常看到的則是大夫犯法無罪,庶人犯法被刑,極不公平的現象。就像江國慶案的發展,特偵組證實了無辜的江國慶被假設為有罪,遭到刑求、起訴、審判並執行死刑,卻說刑求者因不具備「追訴或處罰犯罪職務」的公務員身分,不能論以「濫權追訴處罰」的重罪,而其他輕罪的追訴權時效只有十年已過,乃以不起訴結案。若要用孔子的話說「刑不上大夫、禮不下庶人」,上位者是責備高官甚於平民,有誰會認同呢?
從事刑求者的人,既不具有追訴或處罰犯罪的職務,刑求而來的自白又如何能夠成為追訴處罰的依據呢?若有一位平民捉到了竊賊,自為痛加刑求後,竊賊招供,取得自白書再交給檢察官,檢察官能以之為起訴依據嗎?如果檢察官起訴了,法官能根據這自白書判決有罪並處以重刑嗎?檢察官與法官如這樣做了,難道還不構成刑法第一百二十五條的「濫權追訴處罰」重罪嗎?那位刑求竊賊逼供者,依據刑法第三十一條的規定,也該是犯「濫權追訴處罰」重罪吧!
現在為什麼施以刑求的人怎能說是因為不具備身分而不起訴呢?問題在特偵組,為何不去追究當年根據無身分的刑求者取得的自白而起訴江國慶的人,也不追究根據刑求者刑求的自白而判江國慶有罪的人,是否犯下「濫權追訴處罰罪」呢?特偵組不加追究的結果,不啻是說以後自行抓到嫌疑者,都可以刑求取得自白,送給檢察官使用,檢察官可以憑之起訴,法官可以憑之審判論罪,即使是判死刑奪去生命,誰也不會觸犯刑法第一百二十五條的重罪!
今日禮已式微,取代禮以拘束上位者的是憲法。違反憲法,最大的制裁是宣告違憲使之喪失正當性;至於是否處罰違憲者,仍是刑不上大夫的問題。執法者有罪,想方設法使之脫罪,讓刑不上大夫復現於今日,就是特偵組不追究執法者之罪,只說刑求者無身分的潛台詞。
一番捶楚交加之後,令無辜者受審,判其有罪而取其性命,人們僅能說審判者與起訴者違憲,卻不能說他們犯罪,也只可期待知罪者自行負荊請罪,是嗎?
予亦無言,賦之以五絕一首:大夫胡不用,胥庶枉而牲,捶楚加人者,幾時識負荊! (作者為大學教授)
http://news.chinatimes.com/forum/110514/112011053000300.html蘋論:國家暴力沒有追訴期2011年 05月30日
在所有的犯罪類別裡,國家犯罪對個人人權的傷害最嚴重。國家犯罪不是司法問題,而是政治問題,是權力落差的產物。這是我們即使歷經萬難也要落實民主機制的原因。
軍隊淪暴力機器
很多人把國家暴力犯罪與民間犯罪混為一談。228事變時,軍隊殺戮反政府異議份子,台灣人菁英多人喪命,成為遭到咒罵的政治事件。但也有許多人抱怨,事變時也有不少外省人遭台人殺害,政府為什麼不向他們道歉賠償?原因就在於台人死者是死於政府軍隊的槍下。軍隊就是國家的合法暴力機器。歐美經常批評中國違反人權;中國於是東施效顰,也每年宣布中國自己製作的國際人權報告,指摘美國是人權低落國家,舉的例子如:有色人種遭到歧視、犯罪率高、貧富差距、失業率高、遊民街友增加等。可見中國不知道國際人權指標是針對國家暴力而言,不是針對社會現象及個別事件。
國家暴力來自於權力落差。哪個黨執政、哪個人是領導人,就擁有統治國家的龐大權力,掌握國家暴力機器,可以對手無寸鐵的民眾予取予求。就因為國家暴力太可怕,智者才想出三權分立的辦法,絕不能讓權力集中在一人、一黨手裡。
江國慶案就是國家暴力的典範。9名中高階軍官利用權力落差刑求小兵,在證據不足的情況下屈打成招而冤殺之,是典型的國家暴力,是政府犯罪,若放在威權體制,根本淹沒而無人敢於聞問。
刑求是把人變成一個生物體,一塊有生命的肉,一個可以任意操作的對象物。全部的刑求手段都是從這個把人物體化的基本觀點衍生而來。刑求就是鎮壓與恐怖統治。由於刑求過度疼痛,受害人的身體只好背叛主人,招供政府要他說的話而寧願被殺害,於是受害人的身體遂成為刑求的共犯。
殺人竟官官相護
刑求是百分百的國家暴力。民主理論家於是設計把可怕的權力一分為三,互相分立制衡。前提是傑佛遜所說的:「美國的民主是建立在人民對政府的不信任上。」因為不信任,所以要嚴密監督。政府犯下殺人罪,竟以超過追訴期而不起訴,又見到國家暴力機器如特偵組檢察官的可怕與官官相護。有些民主國家規定,政府犯罪應無限期追訴,就是這個道理。
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