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UK /ˈɪə.bʌdz/ US /ˈɪr.bʌdz/
very small headphones that you wear in your ears
ar dent
adjective [ before noun ] showing strong feelings active, ardent, fervid, intense, loud and strong, thermal
UK /ˈɑː.dənt/ US /ˈɑːr.dənt/
an ardent supporter of ~~~~~~~~~~
an ardent feminist 堅定的女權主義者
a d ver sary
noun [ C ] formal an enemy
UK /ˈæd.və.sər.i/ US /ˈæd.vɚ.ser.i/
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He saw her as his main adversary within the~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
aftermath
aftermath
noun [ S ]
UK /ˈɑːf.tə.mæθ/ /ˈɑːf.tə.mɑːθ/ US /ˈæf.tɚ.mæθ/
the period that follows an unpleasant event or accident, and the effects that it causes
aggregate
adjective [ before noun ]
UK /ˈæɡ.rɪ.ɡət/ US /ˈæɡ.rə.ɡət/
total
合計的，總的；總數的
The seven companies have an aggregate turnover of £5.2 million.
這七家公司的總營業額為520萬英鎊。
aggregation
noun
UK /ˌæɡ.rɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌæɡ.rəˈɡeɪ.ʃən/
[ U ]
the process of combining things or amounts into a single group or total
聚合；集合
Installation art - the aggregation of objects in a space - has long dominated the visual arts.
裝置藝術 — 空間中物體的合成 —長期以來一直主導著視覺藝術界。
Some animals avoid being eaten by aggregation in groups, such as schools of fish.
一些動物為了避免被其他動物捕食而聚在一起行動，魚群就是這樣的。
[ U or C ]
the process of collecting information from several different websites, newspapers, databases (= large amounts of information stored in a computer system ), etc. and combining it in one place, or the result of this process
聚合；集成；匯總
This news aggregation site grabs headlines from over 30 daily news sources and provides a link to the host site.
這個新聞聚合網站從三十多個每日新聞來源中抓取頭條新聞，並提供原發網址的鏈接。
You can view aggregations of polling data at the site.
您可以在站點上查看民調數據的匯總。
更多範例
The aggregation of wealth by small groups of families caused social unrest.
Drinking clarified tomato juice daily significantly reduced platelet aggregation in diabetes patients.
They use data aggregation to deliver information products to knowledge professionals.
The reviewer was impressed by the look and feel of the newly launched news aggregation site.
catastrophic
adjective
UK /ˌkæt.əˈstrɒf.ɪk/ US /ˌkæt̬.əˈstrɑː.fɪk/
very bad
極差的，糟蹋透頂的，災難性的
========================
constrain
constrain
verb [ T often passive ]
UK /kənˈstreɪn/ US /kənˈstreɪn/
C2
to control and limit something
限制；約束；束縛
The country's progress was constrained by a leader who refused to look forward.
國家領導人缺乏發展眼光限制了該國的進步。
limit：有两个基本意思是，一是表示限制数，二是表示限制增长。如：
Seating is limited to 500. 额定座位 500 个。
measures to limit carbon dioxide emissions from cars 限制汽车二氧化碳排放的措施
restrict：有两个基本意思是，一是表示限制数量，二是表示限制范围。如：
You may need to restrict access to certain files. 有些档案可能需要限制传阅人数。
Fog severely restricted visibility. 浓雾严重影响了能见度。
control：这是表示控制最常用的词汇，它所强调的控制主要指因为“拥有权力和能力”而有控制力。如：
By the age of 21 he controlled the company. 他 21 岁就掌管了公司。
Nobody knows who is in control of the club. 没人知道是谁掌管着这家俱乐部。
You're going to have to learn to control your temper. 你必须学会控制住自己的脾气。
restrain：主要指控制或忍住情绪或行为等，有时也指控制事物增长得太大。如：
Renwick restrained a feeling of annoyance. 伦威克忍住了不悦的情绪。
The government is taking steps to restrain inflation. 政府正在采取措施控制通货膨胀。
constrain：与limit, restrict的用法相似，但更正式。如：
Amiss had to restrain his impatience. 艾米斯不得不克制自己不耐烦的情绪。
Growth in car ownership could be restrained by increasing taxes. 或许可以透过提高税费来限制汽车保有量的增长。
您好，请帮我区分一下 restrain 和 constrain 的区别，好吗？谢谢。
本期节目内容简介
Restrain 和 constrain 从拼写、发音到意思、用法都有不少相似之处。如果我们去掉这两个词的前缀 res- 和 con- 后可以看出，这两个词都是由 –strain 构成的，strain 做动词时有“拉紧”的意思。那么再搭配 res- 和 con- 后构成的单词区别是什么呢？
在 restrain 和 constrain 都表示“控制，限制”时，哪个语气更正式，口气更重，所表达的“控制”之意近乎于“restrict 限制”？在节目中，我们先讲解 restrain 和 constrain 自身的意思和使用方法，再来学习如何区分并在不同的语境中使用恰当的一个。
欢迎你加入并和我们一起讨论英语学习的方方面面。请通过微博 @BBC英语教学 或邮件与我们取得联系。邮箱地址是 questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk.
文字稿
Feifei
大家好，我是冯菲菲。欢迎收听 BBC 英语教学节目《你问我答》。每期节目，我们都会回答朋友们发送来的一个问题，本期的问题来自QQ尾号71789的用户。他问到：
Question
您好，请帮我区分一下 restrain 和 constrain 的区别，好吗？谢谢。
Feifei
这两个词确实值得我们来分析一下，因为它们从拼写、发音到意思、用法都有不少相似之处。首先，如果我们去掉这两个词的前缀 res- 和 con- 后可以看出，这两个词都是由 strain 这个单词构成的，strain 做动词时有“拉紧”的意思。那么再搭配 res-，restrain 和 con-，constrain 后所构成的单词区别是什么呢？
我们先来看 restrain 和 constrain 单词本身的意思和使用方法，再来学习如何区分并在不同的语境中使用更恰当的一个。
首先，动词 restrain，常用的意思有以下三个：第一，阻止、制止某人或物做某事；第二，克制、抑制一种情绪或强烈的感情；第三，控制某人的行动或管制某人的自由。 我们来分别举例，首先表示“阻止、制止某人或物做某事，尤其是为了限制或强迫某事的增长”。
Examples
The government has introduced a new Stamp Duty to restrain the growth in second home ownership.
政府出台了新的印花税政策以控制人们拥有第二套住房的数量增长。
Some say there is a need to restrain public spending.
有些人认为需要控制公共支出。
Feifei
接下来我们来听表示“克制、抑制一种情绪或强烈的感情”的例句。
Examples
I need to restrain myself from shouting at the kids when they are naughty.
我需要克制自己，在孩子们调皮的时候不对他们大喊。
Can you believe it? Benedict Cumberbatch was sitting at the table next to mine in the restaurant last night, I had to restrain myself from staring at him.
说出来你都不信。昨晚我在餐厅吃饭的时候，本尼迪克特·康伯巴奇就坐我旁边的桌子用餐，我一整晚都在克制自己不要盯着他看。
Feifei
Restrain 的第三个常用意思，控制某人的行动或剥夺某人的自由。我们来听例句。
Examples
Some violent prisoners have to be restrained.
一些行为强暴的犯人需要被管制。
The crowd helped the police to restrain the burglar.
群众帮助警察制服了窃贼。
Feifei
下面，我们来看动词 constrain。它是一个正式用语，常用的意思包括以下几种。第一，力劝，逼迫或迫使某人服从一系列行动或做法；第二，强烈的约束、限制一个事件的范围、程度或具体内容。我们来听两个例句。
Examples
Lack of support from local government will constrain economic growth in the area.
没有足够的地方政府支持将会限制此地经济发展的速度。
I think it’s important for children to be constrained by social values.
我认为对于孩子们来说，被社会价值观所约束是很重要的。
Feifei
Constrain 这个词没有克制、抑制情绪的意思，那么说到这里，restrain 和 constrain 的第一个区别也就出来了。在两者都表示“控制，限制”时，constrain 更正式，口气也更重，所表达的“控制”之意近乎于“restrict 限制”；而 restrain 不是特别正式的用语，所表达的“控制”之意更近乎于“control 控制”。比如，在下面的这个例句中，虽然我们可以用 restrain 来替换 constrain，但两句话所表示的意思则会有所变化。
Examples
The government has introduced a new Stamp Duty to constrain the growth in second home ownership.
政府出台了新的印花税政策以限制人们拥有第二套住房的数量增长。
The government has introduced a new Stamp Duty to restrain the growth in second home ownership.
政府出台了新的印花税政策以控制人们拥有第二套住房的数量增长。
Feifei
很明显，第一句例句强调的是“限制”，其所强调的意思是新出台的印花税政策作为一个硬性的障碍可能足以限制增长；而第二句话的意思则仅仅强调了出台的新政策的目的是为了想控制增长。
另外，这两个词虽然都可以表示“阻止，限制”，但 restrain 更多描述“阻止、抑制一个动作、一种行为，而 constrain 则被更常用在“设定限制范围，控制一种局势”的语境中。
Examples
I have to restrain myself from eating another bar of chocolate.
我得克制自己不能再吃一块巧克力。
The weight of your hand luggage is constrained by airline regulations.
你手提行李的重量受航空公司规定的限制。
Feifei
也就是说，restrain 所描述的是“阻止一个具体的动作、行为不发生”，constrain 强调的是“设定限制、约束从而控制行为”。从词性来说，虽然在大多数句子里 restrain 和 constrain 可以互换，但是它们所表达的意思还是有细微差别的。希望在学习过以上的举例分析后，大家对这两个词的用法和区别有了更好地掌握。
counteract
counteract
verb [ T ]
UK /ˌkaʊn.tərˈækt/ US /ˌkaʊn.t̬ɚˈækt/
to reduce or remove the effect of something unwanted by producing an opposite effect
抵消；對抗；減少
Drinking a lot of water counteracts the dehydrating effects of hot weather.
enigmatic
enigmatic
adjective
UK /ˌen.ɪɡˈmæt.ɪk/ US /ˌen.ɪɡˈmæt̬.ɪk/
mysterious and impossible to understand completely
費解的；難以捉摸的；神秘的
The Mona Lisa has a famously enigmatic smile.
蒙娜麗莎的神秘微笑非常有名。
He left an enigmatic message on my answering machine.
baffle
baffle
verb [ T ]
UK /ˈbæf.əl/ US /ˈbæf.əl/
to cause someone to be completely unable to understand or explain something
使困惑，使迷惑
She was completely baffled by his strange behaviour.
bolster
bolster
verb [ T ]
UK /ˈbəʊl.stər/ US /ˈboʊl.stɚ/
to support or improve something or make it stronger
支撐；加固；提高；改善
bolster
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈbəʊl.stər/ US /ˈboʊl.stɚ/
a long firm cylinder-shaped pillow
長枕；長墊枕；長靠枕
disable
disable logo
verb
UK /dɪˈseɪ.bəl/ US /dɪˈseɪ.bəl/
disable verb (PERSON)
[ T often passive ]
to cause someone to have an illness, injury, or condition that makes it difficult for them to do the things that other people do
使傷殘，使喪失能力
She was disabled in the accident.
她在那次事故中致殘。
disable verb (MACHINE)
[ T ]
to stop something such as (part of) a machine, system, or weapon from working
使發生故障，使失靈，使無法正常工作
This weapons system will destroy or disable any incoming missile.
該武器系統能摧毀任何來犯的導彈或使其失靈。
Disable the alarm system and then enter the building.
解除警報系統然後進入大樓。
disability 在英語-中文（繁體）詞典中的翻譯
Disability - Wikipedia
disability
noun [ C or U ]
UK /ˌdɪs.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/ US /ˌdɪs.əˈbɪl.ə.t̬i/
B2
an illness, injury, or condition that makes it difficult for someone to do the things that other people do
殘疾，缺陷，殘障
a physical/learning disability
身體殘疾／學習障礙
She is deaf, but refuses to let her disability prevent her from doing what she wants to do.
雖然她的耳朵聽不見聲音，但她卻並沒有讓這一殘疾妨礙她去做自己想做的事情。
Trying to change attitudes to disability is an uphill struggle.
改變對待殘疾的態度是一項艱巨的工作。
inability
noun [ S or U ]
UK /ˌɪn.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/ US /ˌɪn.əˈbɪl.ə.t̬i/
C1
lack of ability to do something
無能，無力
[ + to infinitive ] Inability to use a computer is a serious disadvantage when you are applying for jobs.
不會使用電腦在求職時是個十分不利的條件。
dis integrate
verb [ I ]
UK /dɪˈsɪn.tɪ.ɡreɪt/ US /dɪˈsɪn.t̬ə.ɡreɪt/
to become weaker or be destroyed by breaking into small pieces
分解，分化，分裂
The spacecraft disintegrated as it entered the earth's atmosphere.
太空船進入大氣層時解體了。
The Ottoman Empire disintegrated into lots of small states.
奧斯曼帝國分裂爲許多個小國家。
to become much worse
惡化；崩潰
The situation disintegrated into chaos.
局勢惡化後陷入混亂狀態。
更多範例
Many meteors disintegrate during their passage through the atmosphere.
The plaster on the walls was beginning to disintegrate.
The rubber washer at the back of the machine needs replacing - look, it has completely disintegrated.
The archaeologist explained that the cloth this brooch was pinned to has since disintegrated.
It's ok to flush away toilet tissue because it disintegrates, but disposable nappies do not.
deceive 欺騙
deceive
verb [ T ]
UK /dɪˈsiːv/ US /dɪˈsiːv/
B2
to persuade someone that something false is the truth, or to keep the truth hidden from someone for your own advantage
欺騙，矇騙；隱瞞
The company deceived customers by selling old computers as new ones.
該公司用舊電腦冒充新機器欺騙顧客。
The sound of the door closing deceived me into thinking they had gone out.
關門聲讓我以為他們己經出門了。
同義詞
trick
deceive yourself
to refuse to accept the truth
自欺欺人，欺騙自己
She thinks he'll come back, but she's deceiving herself.
她認為他會回來，實際上她是在自欺欺人。
更多範例
Anyway, I can't deceive him - it's against all my principles.
He repudiated the allegation that he had tried to deceive them.
I suspect these statistics flatter to deceive.
What really angered her was the dirty underhand way they had deceived her.
They deceived us into thinking they would come back later with our money.
deceiver
noun [ C ] UK /dɪˈsiː.vər/ US /dɪˈsiː.vɚ/
someone who deceives people
騙子ceive這個詞根是拿，抓的意思（如receive取）
de（詞根離開，如desperate，depart）+ceive（拿）拿走→欺騙
device
noun [ C ]
UK /dɪˈvaɪs/ US /dɪˈvaɪs/
device noun [C] (MACHINE)
an object or machine that has been invented for a particular purpose
裝置，器械
a contraceptive/electronic device
避孕器具／電子裝置
Rescuers used a special device for finding people trapped in collapsed buildings.
救援者使用特殊器械來尋找被困在倒塌建築物下面的人。
更多範例
The listening device was concealed in a pen.
The president's car is equipped with a homing device as a security measure.
It's an artificial device that stimulates the auditory areas of the brain.
We have a device that switches the lights on at a preset time in the evening.
A mouse is a device tha
devise
verb [ T ]
UK /dɪˈvaɪz/ US /dɪˈvaɪz/
Devise is used more when you're coming up with something such as a report or a plan. Design is used as more of an artistic element.
Design vs Devise - What's the difference? | WikiDiff
to invent a plan, system, object, etc., usually using your intelligence or imagination
巧妙構思；巧妙設計；發明
He's good at devising language games that you can play with students in class.
他善於設計可供師生在課堂上使用的語言遊戲。
The cartoon characters Snoopy and Charlie Brown were devised by Charles M. Schultz.
卡通人物史諾比和查理‧布朗是由查爾斯‧M‧舒茲設計的。
Clinton and Zedillo ordered their respective Cabinets to devise a common counter-drug strategy.
We need to devise some sort of system whereby people can liaise with each other.
The umbrella was ingeniously devised to fold up into your pocket.
The scheme is devised for young people in the 15 - 20 age band.
The company has also devised a computer program that enables people to design their own homes.
diversify
多角化投資 (Diversification)
demise
demise
noun [ S ] formal
UK /dɪˈmaɪz/ US /dɪˈmaɪz/
sb's demise
the death of a person
（…的）死亡，逝世
decease : 正式用词，多指法律上的用语。
The house will not be yours till after your mother's decease.
你母亲过世后这座房子才能归你。
expire : 委婉用词。从本义“从肺部吐出气来”引申为吐出最后一口气，断气而死。
He endured excruciating agonies before he finally expired.
在最终离世前他经受了极大的痛苦。
perish : 书面用词，多指夭折或不幸暴亡。
decease
noun [ U ] formal
UK /dɪˈsiːs/ US /dɪˈsiːs/
a person's death
Death is the general word and is used for the termination of plants and animals as well as of men and also of inanimate things marked by continuity or development. Decease and demise apply only to human beings except in figurative use. Decease is preferred in legal context but in ordinary use conveys a slightly euphemistic or rhetorical quality.
defer
defer
verb [ T ]
UK /dɪˈfɜːr/ US /dɪˈfɝː/
-rr-
to delay something until a later time
使延期，使延緩，推遲
My bank has agreed to defer the repayments on my loan.
銀行同意讓我延緩償還貸款。
[ + -ing verb ] Can we defer making a decision until next week?
我們可以延緩到下週再決定嗎？
deflect
deflect
verb [ I or T ]
UK /dɪˈflekt/ US /dɪˈflekt/
to (cause to) change direction, or to prevent something from being directed at you
（使）轉向，（使）偏斜
imperative
imperative
adjective
UK /ɪmˈper.ə.tɪv/ US /ɪmˈper.ə.t̬ɪv/
imperative adjective (URGENT)
C2
extremely important or urgent
極重要的；緊急的；迫切的
[ + that ] The president said it was imperative that the release of all hostages be secured.
總統說當務之急是確保所有人質都獲釋。
[ + to infinitive ] It's imperative to act now before the problem gets really serious.
必須現在就採取行動，而不是等到問題變得難以收拾。
implicate
implicate
verb [ T ]
UK /ˈɪm.plɪ.keɪt/ US /ˈɪm.plə.keɪt/
to show that someone is involved in a crime or partly responsible for something bad that has happened
牽連，涉及
Have they any evidence to implicate him in the robbery?
他們有證據證明他涉嫌搶劫案嗎？
predominantly
predominantly
adverb
UK /prɪˈdɒm.ɪ.nənt.li/ US /prɪˈdɑː.mə.nənt.li/
C2
mostly or mainly
佔主導地位地；佔絕大多數地；顯著地
a predominantly Muslim community
回教徒佔絕大多數的社區
She is predominantly a dancer, but she also sings.
她主要是跳舞，但也唱歌。
