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Science 10 Review
CHEMISTRY
1. Isotope=atom of the same element (same # of p) which has a different atomic mass because it has different number of neutrons
2. Metal vs. non-metal
Good conductors vs. not good conductors
Shiny luster vs. dull luster
Malleable (beaten into sheet) vs. crumbles
Ductile (stretched) vs. not ductile
3. Valence electrons: # of electrons in the outer shell/orbit *Lewis Dot Structure: use dots to represents # of valence electrons around element symbol
4. All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds.
5. Ionic Bonds (transfer) (metal + non-metal) vs. Covalent (sharing) (non-metal X2)
6. Writing covalent compounds!! BECAREFUL
a. USE COVALENT PREFIXES
b. Do not reduce to the lowest
c. Do not criss-cross CC’s
7. Energy and chemical reactions
Some release energy (exothermic) (right)
Some absorb energy (endothermic) (left)
8. Atomic rearrangement and chemical reactions
a. Synthesis (exothermic) A+B→AB
b. Decomposition (endothermic) AB→A+B
c. Single Replacement: A+BC→B+AC
d. Double Replacement: AB+CD→CB+AD
e. Combustion: When hydrocarbons (compound with C and H) or carbohydrates (C, H and O) combine with oxygen gas they will always produce carbon dioxide and water. These reactions usually involve “burning” and the production of energy
ex. C2H8+5O2+3Co2+4H2O
BIOLOGY
1. Cell Theory
a. All living things are made of 1 or more cells
b. The cell is the smallest functional unit of life
c. All living cells come from pre-existing
2. Every cell must
a. obtain food, H20, nutrients and minerals
b. maintain normal cell functioning
c. grow and reproduce
d. remove wastes
3. Ribosomes are responsible for assembling the proteins
4. Diffusion & Osmosis
5. Photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide+water+light energy→glucose+oxygen
6. Respiration: Glucose+oxygen→water+carbon dioxide+energy (ATP)
7. PMAT: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase
8. All diploid cells contain chromosomes in pairs called “homologous pairs”
9. Proteins=long strings of amino acids used by cells to perform a variety of functions
10. Gene=segment of DNA that contains information for a specific trait
11. Allele=different forms of a gene
12. COMPLICATED PATTERN OF INHERITANCE
a. Incomplete Dominance
-When neither of the alleles for a gene is dominant over the other---offspring are an intermediate of both parent’s features
b. Co-Dominance
-Neither allele is dominant over the other so both alleles are expressed---offspring have BOTH characteristics
Earth Science
1. Geological Techniques
a. Geological FIELD WORK: gathering geological information directly from the outdoors
Ex. Drilling, Geological mapping
b. REMOTE SENSING
c. SEISMOLOGY
d. VOLCANOLOGY
2. Volcanic rocks (quickly) vs. Plutonic rocks (slowly)
3. Geological Structures
a. Fracture: a crack in rock
b. Fault: movement of rock layers caused by forces
c. Dike (vertical): igneous rock cools a fracture
d. Dill (horizontal): magma intrudes in parallel direction
e. Tilt: horizontal layers are shifted vertically
f. Strata (Layering): layers of settled sediments rocks or rock layers
g. Fold: layers are squeezed together, then buckle
h. Erosion Surfaces: exposed rock is eroded (then covered up)
4. Each division is based on rock types, fossil evidence, and gaps in the rock record
5. Index Fossil: their fossils are easy to recognize, they represent an organism that lived for a shot time, they are found in many locations on Earth
6. ABSOLUTE AGE: Some rocks contain elements that are radioactive. The unstable nuclei of these elements spontaneously release radiation. This causes them to break into smaller pieces that become the nuclei of lighter more stable elements. This process is called radioactive decay.
7. Evidence for Continental Drift
a. The Jigsaw Puzzle Fit
b. Matching Geological Structure & Rocks
c. Fossil Evidence
d. Paleoglaciation
8. Volcanoes
a. Composite Volcano: Subduction zones, explosive eruptions
b. Shield Volcano : a weak part of a lithospheric plate (hot spot)
c. Rift Eruptions: Diverging plates, creates fountain
→release of PYROCLASTICS MATERIALS
9. Earthquakes→release of stress
a. waves
-primary wave: compressional wave, solids & liquids, squeezes and stretches
-secondary wave: shear wave, perpendicular, solids
-love wave: rolling action, surface
--Diverging plates + Transform plates (shallow), Converging plates (deeper)
10. Richter Scale: based on the amplitude of ground motion, it measures the magnitude of an earthquake based on a graph produced by a recording device called a seismograph
→each number on the Richter Scale represents a 10 fold increase in ground vibration and a 30 fold increase in energy release
Radiation
1. Radiation=the transfer of energy by means of a wave. The waves spread out from a central source like the ripples in a puddle from a raindrop
2. Alpha, Beta & Gamma Decay
a. Alpha Particles are helium nuclei. They have two protons and two neutrons, so they have a charge of +2
b. Beta Particles are high-energy electrons with a charge of -1. In beta decay, the neutron breaks into proton and an electron.
c. Gamma Rays are not particles. They are energy rays in the form of electromagnetic radiation. After alpha or beta decay, the decay product may have excess energy (indicated by *), which is carried away by gamma radiation.
3. Nuclear Fission & Fusion
a. Nuclear Fission: a large nucleus splits into two pieces of roughly equal mass, releasing huge amount of energy
*If there is enough uranium (a critical mass), the three neutrons can then strike other uranium nuclei and create a chain reaction
Nuclear Fusion: the joining of two small nuclei to make a larger nucleus, releasing even more energy
*an element on the left is lesser than parent isotope means it is NUCLEAR FISSOION
*an element on the left is greater than parent isotope is NUCLEAR FUSION
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