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Chapter 6 Water and Ocean Structure
Icebergs
Water occurs in three states: liquid, solid, and gas. Oceanographers are most familiar with water’s liquid form, but about 6% of the world ocean is covered by ice. A small fraction of this ice is contained in the fantastic shapes of icebergs.
Icebergs in the southern ocean originate as huge ice sheets attached to the Antarctic continent; lengths of up to 8 kilometers (5 miles) are not unusual, with flat tops rising 45meters (150 feet) above sea level. (在南大洋的冰山來自附著在南極大陸的巨大冰床,長度達八公里並不罕見,並在海平面以上45公尺) In 1927 a frozen section of 26,000 square kilometers (10,000 square miles)－about eight times the size of Rhode Island－broke from the Antarctic shore and floated north along the coast of Argentina! The giant iceberg carried an overheated load of Adelie penguins.(在1927年,有一個2,6000平方公里面積的結冰,大約是八倍規模的羅德島(美國洲名)從南極海岸分離,並且沿著阿根廷海岸向北漂!!這個巨大的冰山上有大量的阿德利企鵝)
Favorable currents on the west coast of South America have driven large iceberg (and itinerant penguins) as far north as the tropics. (南美洲西海岸有利的水流將巨大冰山(與流動企鵝)帶向北往熱帶區域)
Pinnacled icebergs, more characteristic of the northern polar ocean, usually begin life as glaciers in western Greenland. (尖峰(高處)冰山,北極海洋的特性,通常開始發生於西部的格陵蘭冰川) These slowly flowing ice rivers form at the edge of the grate Greenland ice sheet, squeeze between the sharp-crested ridges of the mountains, and eventually reach the sea. (這些緩慢流動的冰河型式摩擦格陵蘭冰床的邊緣,在鋒利的脊冠山脈間擠壓,最終到達大海) Rising and falling tides at the end of the deep fjords break off huge tongues of ice, which drift from shore as icebergs. (上升下降的潮汐在深峽灣的終點中斷了巨大的冰舌,冰舌是從冰山的岸邊漂流出來) The grate weight of ice in a glacier compacts these glistening masses and makes them very dense; only about one-seventh of their bulk floats above sea level. (冰川中冰壁的重量壓緊那些質量並且讓他們非常密集,大約只有七分之一的體積是在海平面以上)
The jagged underwater edge of a pinnacled iceberg broke the hull of the “unsinkable” White Star liner RMS Titanic on the night of 14 April 1912; 1,517 people lost their lives. The iceberg had reached the Atlantic shipping lanes after separating from its glacier, being swept down the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current. (水下冰山的鋸齒狀邊緣打破了 ”不沉的” 鐵達尼號 在1912年4月14日,1517人在這場意外中喪生,從冰川分離後的冰山已經到了大西洋航線,被衝下墨西哥灣暖流與北大西洋暖流) 1912年4月14日晚11點40分撞上冰山。4月15日凌晨2點20分沉沒。羅伯特·巴拉德（Robert Ballard）於1985年9月1日首次發現殘骸。
Despite the danger, icebergs are often extraordinarily beautiful:
On the afternoon of….
Source: Barry Lopez, Arctic Dreams. New York: Scribner’s, 1986.
Water is a compound. Compounds are substances that contain two or more different elements in a fixed proportion. An element is a substance composed of identical particles, called atoms, that cannot be broken into simpler substances by chemical means. Water’s familiar chemical formula, H2O, shows that two atoms of hydrogen (H) are present for each atom of oxygen (O). Some other common compounds are carbon dioxide (CO2), rust (Fe2O3)1, and simple sugar (C6H12O6).
1.Rust is iron oxide. Fe, the chemical symbol for iron, is derived from ferrum, the Latin name for irom.
6-2 THE WATER MOLECULE
A molecule is a group of atoms held together by chemical bonds. Chemical bonds, the energy relationships between atoms that hold them together, are formed when electrons-tiny negatively charged particles found toward the outside of an atom-are shared between atoms or moved from one atom to another. A water molecule forms when electrons are shared between two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The bonds formed by shared pairs of electrons are known as covalent bonds. Covalent bonds hold together many familiar molecules, including CO2, CH4 (methane gas),and O2 (atmospheric oxygen). Because of the way a water molecule’s oxygen electrons are distributed, the overall geometry of the molecule is a bent or angular shape. The angle formed by the two hydrogen atoms and the central oxygen atom is about 105o. The formation of a water molecule is depicted in Figure 6.1
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