#地球暖化不等於空氣汙染
#但空氣汙染是真正的殺手
#當人們在抗議氣候變遷他們在抗議什麼
當我知道地球暖化的議題不存在時，以為天下太平從此沒事了。
世人在爭論的是，因為人類不爭氣、沒有道德、拼命製造出二氧化碳，導致整個地球升溫，北極熊無處可住，北極在融冰，水平面上升等等。後來發現，不管人類製造出多少二氧化碳，都遠不及與太陽互動的熱能所製造出來的二氧化碳與溫室效應。
在這當中，二氧化碳被妖魔化視為萬惡之首，必須要在20xx年把二氧化碳降到多少才行。比方比爾蓋茲就提倡過。
正當你以為解決一個問題時，才警覺裏頭藏了一個『空氣汙染』，這個也是來自二氧化碳的排放，以及其他廢氣與各式各樣的髒東西。
懸浮在空氣中液態氣態的PM2.5顆粒，小到只有頭髮直徑的1/20，能穿越人體在裏頭旅行，造成各種疾病，這是最新的研究結果。真正人為的問題。是地區性的、局部性的、短時間、密集的排放。那種排放量，確實是正常人體所無法承受。
所以正當以為地球暖化是假議題時，裏頭混著一個真議題。但當人們抗議時，又把名詞與格局放大成地球暖化、氣候變遷。所以就這樣魚目混珠、真假議題同時抗議，全世界的人就被牽著鼻子團團轉。永遠沒有明晰的時候。
最近在法國有一對母女控告法國政府，沒有採取有效的防空汙措施，導致她們母女呼吸道生病，媽媽失業又必須搬家。這不是唯一一個例子，全法國已經有50個人站出來控告政府，而且有非政府組織出來幫忙協助，在罹患疾病與空氣汙染之間搭起一條法律的橋。其中知情人士就說這類的案件，只要法院受理已經贏在起跑點了。
另一篇文章則說明空汙埋下很多疾病的潛在因子。
所以地球暖化不等於空氣汙染，但空氣汙染相當具挑戰性。環保團體在遣詞用字上魚目混珠，世人容易積非成是。
附圖是前幾天Greta Thunberg與她同齡的孩子所發起的氣候變遷罷工。我不同意她說的二氧化碳是元兇，必須極盡在2030，也就是十年後，大幅減少八成以上。人類剛好死翹翹。但是如果能引起人們對空氣汙染的重視，仍不失為一個有意義的活動。只可惜空氣汙染聽起來格局很小，所以她們用了氣候變遷做題目。
法國母女對法國政府提告，空氣汙染讓她們健康受損
https://phys.org/news/2019-05-mother-daughter-sue-france-ill.html?fbclid=IwAR39e2v3w4faZz2lVOnhrTQlekVA4-HIRyPB_e3tMjXa3MTbKaBXTYgNkoo
糖尿病，癌症和死亡(pre-mature death)：空氣汙染的效應
https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/19/health/air-pollution-health-impacts/index.html
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原文
第一篇文章法國母女對法國政府控告全文原文
#母女控告法國政府空氣污染造成她們的健康受損
巴黎一家法院於週二開始審理母女提起的告訴，首先在法國提起訴訟，控告政府因為空氣汙染傷害她們的健康。
母女要求巴黎東邊的蒙特勒法院賠償16萬歐元（相當於179,000美元）。
他們認為有關當局沒有採取有效措施防止大氣污染，特別是2016年12月巴黎極度污染期。這對母女說這對她們的健康產生影響，特別是當他們住在巴黎北部郊區Saint-Ouen，就在環圍道路堵塞的外面。
環圍道路1973年開放，每天有110萬名司機通過，對於住在那裏10萬名居民而言是一場噩夢。
母女兩人出現呼吸問題，在污染高峰時更嚴重。母親52歲沒辦法工作，女兒16歲有氣喘危機。之後聽醫生的建議搬到奧爾良市健康就大幅好轉，律師Francois Lafforgue說。
他們的法律團隊說，法國當局沒有採取措施保護人民，沒有善盡他們可以做的事處理。
全法國約有50人對法國政府提出類似的告訴，非政府組織呼吸道創始人Sebastien Vray表示，他協助這類原告的案件。
他說案件只要上法院就已經取得勝利。『八年前，當我創立這個非政府組織Respire時，我有個目標有一天要將汙染高度與個人疾病以法律連結起來。』
Vray和Lafforgue都說，這是首次這樣的案件到達法國法庭。
在法國，空氣污染每年造成48,000人早死。據法國公共衛生機構稱。2016年12月，巴黎受到十年來最嚴重的冬季污染，法國當局甚至規定車牌號碼單數雙數隔天互換上馬路。
這是繼1997年，2014年和2015年嚴重污染後，第四度這樣的規定與措施。
因為污染在2020年市長選舉佔有一席之地，巴黎市長Anne Hidalgo正在研究限制環圍道路的車輛時速降到每小時50公里（30英里/小時）。
據拉夫福格稱，另外三起類似案件也在六月由巴黎行政法院審理。
2018年5月，歐洲委員會點名法國與其他五個國家在歐洲法院，因為這些國家沒有採取長期徹底解決辦法以改善空氣品質問題。
以法國而言，早在12年前就被點名，因為微細顆粒與二氧化氮超標，在某些城市是歐盟設限的兩倍。
https://phys.org/news/2019-05-mother-daughter-sue-france-ill.html?fbclid=IwAR39e2v3w4faZz2lVOnhrTQlekVA4-HIRyPB_e3tMjXa3MTbKaBXTYgNkoo
Mother, daughter sue France over ill health from air pollution
A Paris court on Tuesday began hearing a case brought by a mother and daughter who, in a legal first in France, are suing the state for damages over ill health caused by air pollution.
The mother and the daughter are asking for 160,000 euros ($179,000) in damages from the state at the administrative court of Montreuil in the east of Paris.
They argue the authorities did not take effective measures against atmospheric pollution, in particular during the very high pollution that Paris endured in December 2016.
The pair say this had an effect on their health, especially as they were living at the time in the northern Paris suburb of Saint-Ouen, just outside the clogged peripherique ring road.
The peripherique—opened in 1973—takes 1.1 million drivers a day but is also a nightmare for the 100,000 people living around it.
Both say they developed respiratory problems that were accentuated during pollution peaks. The mother, 52, has had to take time off work and the daughter, 16, suffered asthma crises. They have since moved to the city of Orleans on doctors advice and their health has improved considerably, says lawyer Francois Lafforgue.
Their legal team argues that French authorities failed to implement rules to better protect the population, did not use all the measures at their disposal and did not properly enforce measures when agreed.
In total, around 50 people across France are taking similar actions against the French state, said Sebastien Vray, the founder of the NGO Respire, which assists the cases of the plaintiffs.
He said the fact the case has come to court is already a victory. "When I founded Respire eight years ago I had the aim that one day there would be a legal link between pollution heights and an individuals illness."
Both Vray and Lafforgue said this is the first time such a case has reached a court in France.
In France, air pollution is responsible for 48,000 premature deaths every year, according to the Public Health France agency.
In December 2016, Paris was smothered in its worst winter pollution in a decade, with authorities ordering odd and even number plate cars off the roads on alternate days.
It was only the fourth time such a measure had been taken following severe pollution episodes in 1997, 2014 and 2015.
As pollution climbs up the political agenda ahead of 2020 municipal elections, Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo is looking at proposals to limit pollution on the peripherique, including cutting the speed limit to 50 kilometres per hour (30 mph).
Three other similar cases are due to be looked at by the Paris administrative court in June, according to Lafforgue.
In May 2018, the European Commission took France and five other countries to the European Court of Justice for failing to apply long-sought steps to improve air quality.
In Frances case the move came after 12 years of warnings over fine particles as well as nitrogen dioxide levels, which in some cities were more than double EU limits.
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第二篇文章
糖尿病，癌症和死亡：空氣汙染的效應
CNN週三，美國環保局在川普總統決定後回到歐巴馬時代的氣候政策，乾淨能源計劃，減少燃煤發電廠的排放。行政團隊會取代可容忍的乾淨能源計劃。
美國環保局局長說：『可取代的的乾淨能源計畫，簡稱ACE，為各州提供法規的確定性，需要繼續減少排放，為所有美國人提供負擔得起的可靠能源。』
當這項政策的草案在8月公佈時，該機構的風險評估發現，在新計劃下額外的污染將導致2030年前美國每年1,400人早死。同年，乾淨能源計畫能避免3,600人免於受到燃煤發電廠的污染而早死。
美國環保署回到歐巴馬時代的計劃，限制燃煤發電廠的排放量
惠勒表示，2005年至2017年間，全美二氧化碳的總排放量降低超過14％。 『很大的程度要感謝私人企業與自由市場，而非政府的功勞，』他說。
根據美國肺臟協會今年4月發布的第20份年度國家空氣報告，美國整體記錄了
2015年至2017年的危險空氣品質的天數。該協會將“危險”定義為空氣品質到達政府空氣品質指數的『緊急狀態』。
『根據這條規則，環保署幾乎沒做任何事情監管二氧化碳的排放，並確保在兼顧國民健康的情況下支援燃煤工業，』前美國環保局局長吉娜在周三的一份聲明中表示。
#空氣污染如何影響健康呢？
死亡人數超過『交通事故加上兇殺案』
華盛頓大學的健康指標評估研究所發現，2017年全球近500萬人死於中風，熱衰竭，糖尿病，肺癌與空氣污染引起的慢性肺病。
最近發表在“國家科學學術期刊”一項研究專注在美國，發現空氣污染導致超過107,000人早死，造成2011年國家損失8,660億美元。
研究發現，這些死亡當中，57％與發電所造成的空污有關。大約28％跟運輸有關，14％跟燃煤與天然氣發電有關，15％與農耕施肥造成的污染有關，如糞肥和其他肥料的使用與堆積。
#氣候變化嚴重威脅人類健康
這項研究聚焦在最微小顆粒物質或顆粒污染造成的危害。根據美國環保署，是飄浮在空氣中固體與液體懸浮物的混合。可能以塵土，灰塵，煙灰或煙霧的形式出現。
顆粒污染來自燃煤與天然氣發電廠。汽車，農業，未鋪的馬路，建築工地與野火也可能產生。PM2.5，是如此微小，人類頭髮寬度的1/20 ，看不到，能穿越你身體一般的防禦。
在呼吸中它不會被呼出來，而是卡在肺部或進入血液。顆粒會引起刺激發炎，導致呼吸系統疾病。長期暴露會導致癌症，中風與心臟病發作。研究發現，最有害的排放佔整體損害的最大宗，第一名的PM2.5污染源佔損害的54％。最高損害發生人口密集區像洛杉磯。
『整體而言，我們看到的死亡人數，比交通事故加上兇殺案的合計還多。』先前。華盛頓大學土木與環工系教授朱利安馬歇爾說。
#空氣污染與糖尿病有關
根據2018年發表在“行星健康”雜誌的一項研究，世界衛生組織認為空污遠低於安全水準，導致全球糖尿病風險增加。
它發現，2016年空污造成全球320萬個新的糖尿病病例，佔總數的14％。在美國，空氣污染與每年新增的150,000糖尿病的病例有關。
報告稱，幾年的發展，美國人呼吸到污染的空氣的人數正在上升
超過3000萬美國人患有糖尿病，全世界的人數驚人：據世界衛生組織，2014年有4億2千2萬的成年人被診斷出，與1980年的1億8百萬相比。中低收入戶較不能處理這樣的病症的族群人數成長最快。
而肥胖，缺乏運動與遺傳風險是糖尿病主要的驅動因素，研究顯示疾病與污染之間的關係。空氣污染被認為會引發發炎與降低胰腺分泌胰島素的能力。
在子宮內發現空氣污染顆粒
2017年的一項研究發現，懷孕期間暴露於空氣污染的婦女容易生出端粒較短的嬰兒。端粒的長度，染色體末端的蓋子，類似於鞋尖，被認為是生物衰老的標誌。
根據這項研究的推論，生產前暴露在空氣污染下可能在日後的生活會有不好的健康影響。
研究發現，我們所呼吸的空氣裏頭的微粒污染，每年造成數千人死亡。
研究人員發現，媽媽高度暴露在顆粒物質，新生兒端粒長度明顯較低，沒有其他因素可以解釋。包括母親的身體質量指數，種族或吸煙狀況。這個需要更多研究，研究員指出，暴露在空氣污染可能導致自由基積聚，破壞DNA，RNA和蛋白質，導致細胞死亡與心血管疾病。
科學家從孕婦的肺部到胎盤也發現空氣汙染的證據。
2018在巴黎舉行的歐洲呼吸學會國際會議上，科學家說他們發現了第一批空氣汙染案例，從孕婦的肺部到胎盤，可能到達胎兒。 研究檢視英國五名不吸煙的孕婦，在正常懷孕下生出健康的嬰兒。
在母親身上發現的空氣污染顆粒，新的研究發現
『我們不知道我們發現的顆粒是否也進入胎兒，但證據顯示確實是可能的，』Norrice Liu博士，倫敦瑪麗皇后大學的小兒科醫生與臨床研究員說，她帶領研究團隊。
『我們也知道，顆粒不需要進入嬰兒體內就有不良影響，因為如果它們對胎盤有影響，就會對胎兒有直接影響。』
兒童更容易受到傷害
根據衛生計量和評估研究所的年度全球空氣品質報告，平均而言，暴露在空氣污染，會縮短今天出生的新生兒的生命，縮短20個月。
全世界15歲以下兒童，人數約18億，約93％，因為呼吸的空氣嚴重污染，他們的健康與發育面臨嚴重風險。世界衛生組織稱。
2016年，估計有60萬名兒童死於急性下呼吸道感染，因為空氣汙染的原因。
據世界衛生組織稱，空氣污染是5歲以下兒童健康的主要威脅之一，在這個年齡層，十個中幾乎有一個會死亡。
空氣污染也會影響神經發育與認知能力，也會引發氣喘與兒童癌症。報告中說。兒童暴露在過度污染會處在罹患慢性病的較大危險中，比方在日後成年後的心血管疾病。
兒童更容易受到污染，因為他們更頻繁地呼吸，吸進更多污染物，更接近地面，一些污染物有更高的濃度。
#髒空氣與認知退化有關
另一項研究發現，長時間暴露在髒空氣對認知能力有重大影響，特別是老年男性。
國際食品政策研究所的研究員檢視一份資料，有關中國家庭的縱向調查，得到的數據繪製出2010到2014年之間近32,000名10歲以上人群的認知測試分數，以及他們短期與長期暴露在空氣污染的比對。
團隊發現口語表達與數學分數“隨著暴露在空氣污染的增加而降低”，口語表達分數，在年齡層較大，教育程度較低的男性尤為明顯。
可能因為空氣污染而造成的認知衰退與損傷，也是日後形成阿茲海默症與老人癡呆症等的潛在風險因素。
CNNs Jen Christensen, Susan Scutti, Sandee LaMotte, James Griffiths, Meera Senthilingam and Mary McDougall contributed to this report.
Diabetes, cancer and death: These are the effects of polluted air
CNN) — On Wednesday, the US Environmental Protection Agency under President Trump finalized its rollback of President Obamas signature climate policy -- the Clean Power Plan, which aimed to reduce coal-fired power plant emissions. The administration will replace the plan with the Affordable Clean Energy Rule.
"The Affordable Clean Energy Rule, ACE, gives states the regulatory certainty they need to continue to reduce emissions and provide affordable and reliable energy for all Americans," EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler said.
When the draft proposal of the policy was announced in August, the agencys own risk analysis found that additional pollution under the new plan would result in up to 1,400 more premature deaths a year in the United States as of 2030. By the same year, the Clean Power Plan would have avoided 3,600 premature deaths due to pollution from coal-fired power plants.
EPA rolls back Obama-era plan limiting coal-fired power plant emissions
Wheeler said that between 2005 and 2017, total US energy carbon dioxide emissions fell by more than 14%. "We owe much of this progress to the genius of the private sector and free markets, not the heavy hand of government," he said.
According to the American Lung Associations 20th annual State of the Air report, published in April, the United States as a whole recorded more days with hazardous air quality than ever from 2015 to 2017. The association defined "hazardous" as air that reaches "emergency conditions" on the governments air quality index.
"With this rule, EPA does virtually nothing to address its obligation to regulate carbon dioxide and confirms its support of the coal industry at the expense of our health and our childrens future," former EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy said in a statement Wednesday.
So how does air pollution affect health?
More deaths than traffic accidents and homicides combined
The Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington found that nearly 5 million deaths worldwide in 2017 could be attributed to stroke, heat attack, diabetes, lung cancer and chronic lung disease that resulted from air pollution.
A recent study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences focused on the United States and found that air pollution led to more than 107,000 premature deaths and cost the country $866 billion in 2011.
Of these deaths, 57% were associated with pollution caused by energy consumption, the study found. About 28% were related to transportation, 14% to electricity generation from coal-fired and gas plants and 15% to pollution caused by farm activities like the application and storage of manure and other fertilizers.
Climate change is seriously threatening human health
This study focused on the harm caused by the tiniest particulate matter, or particle pollution. Its the mix of solid and liquid droplets floating in the air, according to the EPA. It can come in the form of dirt, dust, soot or smoke.
Particulate pollution comes from coal- and natural gas-fired plants. Cars, agriculture, unpaved roads, construction sites and wildfires can also create it. At PM2.5, its so tiny --1/20th of a width of a human hair -- that you cannot see it, and it can travel past your bodys usual defenses.
Instead of being breathed out, it can get stuck in your lungs or go into your bloodstream. The particles cause irritation and inflammation and can lead to respiratory problems. Long-term exposure can cause cancer, stroke and heart attack. The most harmful emissions account for the largest share of the total damage, with the top 10% of sources of PM2.5 pollution accounting for 54% of damage, the study found. The highest damage happens in high-population areas such as Los Angeles.
"Overall, the number of deaths we are seeing with this, thats more than traffic accidents and homicides combined," Julian Marshall, co-author of the recent study and a professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Washington said previously.
Air pollution linked to diabetes
Levels of air pollution well below what is considered safe by the World Health Organization are causing an increased risk of diabetes worldwide, according to a study published in 2018 in the journal Lancet Planetary Health.
It found that in 2016, air pollution contributed to 3.2 million new diabetes cases worldwide,14% of the total. In the United States, air pollution was linked to 150,000 new cases of diabetes per year.
After years of progress, the number of Americans breathing polluted air is rising, report says
Over 30 million Americans have diabetes, and the numbers worldwide are staggering: According to WHO, 422 million adults had been diagnosed by 2014, compared with 108 million in 1980. Low- and middle-income countries least able to manage the disease were experiencing the most growth.
While obesity, lack of exercise and genetic risk are major drivers for diabetes, studies have shown a link between the disease and pollution. Air pollution is thought to trigger inflammation and reduce the ability of the pancreas to manage insulin production.
Air pollution particles found in the womb
A 2017 study found that women who are exposed to air pollution during pregnancy have babies with shorter telomeres. The length of telomeres -- caps at the end of chromosomes, similar to shoelace tips -- is considered a marker of biological aging.
Based on their results, the researchers theorize that pre-birth exposure to air pollution can have negative health consequences later in life.
Particulate pollution in the air we breathe kills thousands a year, study finds
The researchers found that mothers with higher residential exposure to particulate matter had newborns with significantly lower telomere length and that this could not be explained by other factors including the mothers body mass index, ethnicity or smoking status. More research is needed, the study authors said, but they noted that exposure to air pollution may lead to a buildup of free radicals that can damage DNA, RNA and proteins, which can lead to cell death and cardiovascular disease.
Scientists have also found evidence of air pollution traveling from a pregnant mothers lungs into the placenta.
During a presentation at the 2018 European Respiratory Society International Congress in Paris, scientists said theyd discovered the first examples of air pollution traveling from the lungs of pregnant women into their placentas, potentially reaching their fetuses. The researchers examined five pregnant women in the United Kingdom who werent smokers; all gave birth to healthy babies after uncomplicated pregnancies.
Air pollution particles found in mothers placentas, new study finds
"We do not know whether the particles we found could also move across into the fetus, but our evidence suggests that this is indeed possible," Dr. Norrice Liu, a pediatrician and clinical research fellow at Queen Mary University in London who led the research, said in a statement.
"We also know that the particles do not need to get into the babys body to have an adverse effect, because if they have an effect on the placenta, this will have a direct impact on the
Children are more susceptible to harms
According to the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluations annual State of Global Air report, air pollution exposure, on average, shortens the life of a child born today by 20 months.
About 93% of the worlds children under 15 -- or about 1.8 billion children -- breathe air that is so polluted, it puts their health and development at serious risk, WHO says.
In 2016, 600,000 children were estimated to have died of acute lower respiratory infections caused by polluted air.
According to WHO, air pollution is one of the leading threats to health in children under 5, accounting for almost 1 in 10 deaths in this age group.
Air pollution also affects neurological development and cognitive ability and can trigger asthma and childhood cancer, the report says. Children exposed to excessive pollution may also be at greater risk of chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease in adulthood.
Children are more susceptible to pollution because they breathe more often, taking in more pollutants, and are closer to the ground, where some pollutants have higher concentrations.
Dirtier air is related to cognitive declines
Another study found that prolonged exposure to dirty air has a significant impact on cognitive abilities, especially in older men.
Researchers at the International Food Policy Research Institute examined data from the national China Family Panel Studies longitudinal survey, mapping the cognitive test scores of nearly 32,000 people over the age of 10 between 2010 and 2014 against their exposure to short- and long-term air pollution.
The team found that both verbal and math scores "decreased with increasing cumulative air pollution exposure," with the decline in verbal scores being particularly pronounced among older, less-educated men.
Cognitive decline and impairment, which could be caused by air pollution according to the study, are also potential risk factors in developing Alzheimers disease or other forms of dementia.
CNNs Jen Christensen, Susan Scutti, Sandee LaMotte, James Griffiths, Meera Senthilingam and Mary McDougall contributed to this report.
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