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In 1991, metabolic engineering was first definedas “the improvement of cellular activities by manipulation of enzymatic,transport, and regulatory functions of the cell with the use of recombinant DNAtechnology” by James E. Bailey. 

Applicationof recombinant DNA methods to restructure metabolic networks can improveproduction of metabolite and protein products by altering pathway distributionsand rates.  However, the bio-basedprocesses are generally inefficient due to the limited metabolic capacity ofthe cell towards the production of a desired product. This is because theobjective of microbial metabolism (e.g., survival and replication) is differentfrom that of ours (e.g., enhanced production of our desired product).

Themetabolome measurement efforts were largely put on the model organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacteriumglutamicum, and others. On the other hand, the real metabolomic future largelyrelied on the development of analytical platforms. The existing platforms insensitivity, major characters, and main reference are included NMR, GC/MS,LC/MS, CE/MS, and others. Currently, not any single instrument can providesatisfied results; the combined technology is indispensable for many tests.

Recruitment of heterologous proteins enablesextension of existing pathways to obtain new chemical products, alterposttranslational protein processing, and degrade recalcitrant wastes. Althoughsome of the experimental and mathematical tools required for rational metabolicengineering are available, complex cellular responses to genetic perturbationscan complicate predictive design.

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