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This side event, moderated by Chien-Te Fan, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, focused on how Climate Action can bridge the financial and technical gap relating to climate change strategies in the developing world. Participants heard presentations on the development of an “incubation mechanism initiative” for island countries to enhance resilience to climate change and the public awareness of the green economy. 

Robert Dixon, Global Environment Facility (GEF), reiterated the recent World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announcement that 2014 recorded the highest average global temperatures, expressing hope that an agreement will be reached at the Paris 2015 climate conference. Mentioning the typhoon bearing down on the Philippines, he said this extreme event should remind us that ours is a fragile earth which requires urgent action from governments to arrest carbon emissions.

Taukelina Finikaso, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Tuvalu, stated that his country completed its first National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) in 2007, and is currently finalizing its second NAPA, outlining institutional problems as the main challenge. He urged process reform to expedite accessing the funds, and expressed hope that the newly established Green Climate Fund (GCF) will not suffer from the same challenges, saying if Small Island Developing States (SIDS) cannot access the fund, “they will be doomed.”

Makurita Baaro, Ambassador to the UN for Kiribati, listed the consequences of global warming in her country, including sea level rise, increased flooding, extreme coastal erosion and receding shore lines, contaminated drinking water and displacement of communities. She noted limited technical capacity to deal with these impacts, and said the government has developed extensive programmes to: prioritize education and acquisition of marketable skills; facilitate overseas employment; and negotiate permanent emigration opportunities in the event of catastrophic sea-level rise.

Hui-Chen Chien, Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration, presented on Taiwan’s policies to combat climate change through adaptation and mitigation strategies, and emphasized the need for developing comprehensive legislative strategies. As major policies, she highlighted voluntary emission reduction incentives, improved energy efficiency, and renewable energy technology development, saying these can effect a substantial decrease in carbon emissions.

Robert Yie-Zu Hu, ITRI, shared on recent public sector projects on green industry technologies, including: installation of one million solar roof panels by 2030 in Taiwan; printed Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) Solar Cell technology; and exchanging all traffic lights and road signals in Taiwan with LED light applications. He said these application will save approximately 2.47 GWh in electricity and reduce 151.5 thousand tonnes of CO2 emissions annually.

Graham Watson, European Parliament, said that while energy use accounts for over a quarter of all global carbon emission, this amount could be reduced to zero with political will. He urged switching from coal and gas to renewable energy technologies in order to save countries like SIDS.

Takashi Hongo, Mitsui Global Strategic Studies Institute, presented on climate change mitigation and adaptation for Pacific Island countries. He reported on the barriers to new technology expansion, citing: high initial costs; operation and maintenance; and access to low-cost financing. As solutions to these barriers, he identified standardization of technologies and international cooperation; and accessing the GCF, including through utilizing multilateral and local banks.

In the ensuing discussion, participants commented on migration as a solution for SIDS, and harnessing the potential of sunlight as a source of power generation. Participants called for appropriate and affordable strategies to limit the impacts of climate change, and Finikaso stressed that relocation would only be considered as a last resort.

The launch of the UNEP Adaptation Gap Report was moderated by Keith Alverson, UNEP. Ibrahim Thiaw, Deputy Director, UNEP, noted that the report aims to identify adaptation needs and realities on the ground, and focuses on funding, technology and knowledge gaps in developing countries. He noted other gaps not identified by the report including capacity, governance, and the interrelation between the gaps, urging further work on these in future.

Anne Olhoff, UNEP DTU Partnership, provided an overview of the UNEP Adaptation Gap Report, stressing that estimating the adaptation gap is far more challenging than calculating the emissions gap. She underscored the large differences in potential for reducing the risks and impacts of climate change, now and in the near term across countries and regions.

Florent Baarsch, Climate Analytics, spoke on the means to bridge the adaptation cost. He highlighted the Report considered both 2˚C and 4˚C temperature rise scenarios and used a combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches. He noted that the discrepancies between the World Bank figures of US$70-100 million for adaptation, and UNEP’s figures of up to US$300 million are due to factors such as those considered by temperature-rise scenarios.

Barbara Buchner, Climate Policy Initiative, provided a closer look at current adaptation finance flows. Buchner underscored that development finance institutions contribute the bulk of adaptation finance, noting that climate funds commitments have increased significantly and that the Green Climate Fund is expected to contribute to this trend in the coming years. She reported that more than half of bilateral adaptation-related activities target multiple environmental objectives, including mitigation, biodiversity and desertification.

Fatima Denton, ACPC, underscored that it is equally important to contextualize the gap, noting that the 2˚C scenario is the least evil but far from ideal, as it still involves important impacts in many regions. Denton said that enhancing knowledge is important to enable institutions to play their role, with a special focus on informal institutions.  She highlighted infrastructure and governance to address future challenges.

Richard Klein, SEI, highlighted a mismatch in the identification of needs and the actual finances available for specific sectors, querying whether the problem is the lack of technologies or the inability for these sectors to access them.

Youssef Nassef, UNFCCC Secretariat, highlighted the need to consider national risk appetites, and he emphasized the need for a qualitative goal or process, and outcome indicators in order to better determine national adaptation pathways.

Anil Markandya, Basque Centre for Climate Change, stressed the time dimension of the gap, noting that uncertainty increases over time. Markandya highlighted, inter alia the need to: focus on the implications of the gap rather than on the gap per se; and link climate policy and programmes to sustainable development goals.

In the discussion, participants considered, inter alia: the inclusion of a public component when considering the knowledge gap; the calculation of the gap figures in terms of adaptation actions; and the need for a private-sector investment assessment.