詹姆斯．漢森：為何我必須談論氣候變遷 ~
Hansen在TED談 氣候變遷，很清楚的說明~~關心環境的，請看~~ NYT 對Hansen的報導，氣候變遷面對不只是氣候，更多的政治和人性~~~
1988年，Jim Hansen讓全球暖化成為國際環境議題的焦點，他現在從NASA公職(civil servant)退休，成為公民科學家(Citizen Scientist)!!
video: http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/zh-tw/james_hansen_why_i_must_speak_out_about_climate_change.html?source=facebook#.UV1PsGpnw6J.facebook
頂尖的氣象學家詹姆斯．漢森提到一些他所參與過關於全球氣候變化的辯論故事，他在這些談論中概述了一個氣候變遷的鐵證，並且說明這些變遷使他對未來深感憂心。
詹姆斯．漢森，氣候學家發出了清晰的警告是20世紀全球變暖的危險，從NASA退休，給自己更多的自由去追求政治和法律限制溫室氣體排放的努力。
科學時報播客
驚嘆的殺手的天空和對氣候變化需要美國航空航天局的家喻戶曉的名字，他的戰鬥為地球的未來退休的效率。
地球博客：詹姆斯·漢森離開美國航空航天局加緊運動減少碳排放 （2013年4月1日）
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航天局戈達德空間研究所在曼哈頓一個46年的職業生涯後，會剝奪他的離開，聯邦政府資助的氣候研究，其最知名的公眾人物。
與此同時，退休將允許醫生漢森按他的事業在法庭上。他計劃挑戰聯邦政府和各州政府在訴訟中對自己的失敗，例如，限制排放，以及戰鬥在加拿大的一個特別臟的形式從瀝青砂中提取石油的發展中採取更加積極的作用。
“作為政府僱員，你不能作證反對政府，”他在接受記者採訪時說。
博士漢森已經成為一個活動家近年來，從美國航空航天局的休假時間出現在氣候抗議，並讓自己被逮捕或引用半打倍。
但這些活動，遠遠超出一般的政府科學家的作用，提出了在美國航空航天局總部設在華盛頓的眉毛。“這是越來越明顯，在美國航空航天局的人會是誰更快樂，如果”雜耍“將退出，漢森說：”博士在一封電子郵件。
在72，他說，他感到一種道義上的責任，以加強他的積極性，在他剩餘的歲月。
“如果我們燃燒的化石燃料相當大的一部分，我們保證將是不可阻擋的地球的氣候變化”，他說。“我們要離開的情況下，年輕的人民和子孫後代，他們可能沒有辦法處理。”
上週三，他的離去，結束了職業生涯近半個世紀的不只是一個單一的機構，而且在一個單一的建築物，哥倫比亞大學校園的邊緣。
從鱸魚，7層以上的小餐館提出了著名的“宋飛正傳”，漢森作戰了白宮，在國會作證幾十個的時候，吩咐了一些世界上最強大的計算機，並承認與普通公民掌握的基礎知識複雜性科學。
他的警告和他的科學論文，引起了頻繁的攻擊，從氣候變化持懷疑態度，他沒有給出季度。但醫生漢森是一個特立獨行的人，同樣有可能攪擾他的盟友中的環保運動。他支持核電，並已採取了看台上，有時在華盛頓削弱他們的政治策略。
在採訪中，在隨後的電子郵件，博士漢森說得很清楚，他的新獨立會讓他採取措施，他不能視為政府的僱員。他計劃遊說歐洲各國領導人的 - 誰是最關心的氣候變化 - 來自焦油砂徵收的燃油稅。它的提取結果比傳統石油在更大的溫室氣體排放量。
博士漢森的積極性，近年來他的一些科學界的同事感到失望，他認為，這事與願違，讓氣候變化懷疑論者質疑他的客觀性。但也有人表示欽佩，他的職業生涯為他的信念，他願意冒險。
最初，漢森計劃博士在他的農場在賓夕法尼亞州的一個穀倉改建工作。他不排除建立一個小型的機構或學術任命。
Hansen在TED談 氣候變遷，很清楚的說明~~關心環境的，請看~~
NYT 對Hansen的報導，氣候變遷面對不只是氣候，更多的政治和人性~~~
1988年，Jim Hansen 讓全球暖化成為國際環境議題的焦點，他現在從NASA公職(civil servant)退休，成為公民科學家(Citizen Scientist)!!
他說，他將繼續發表科學論文，但他將不再指揮電腦的時間和其他美國航空航天局的資源，使他能夠追踪地球的氣溫上升和預測的長期影響。
漢森博士，提出了在小城鎮的愛荷華州，研究金星，地球，開始了他的職業生涯。但作為關注是在20世紀70年代人類排放的溫室氣體的影響，他交換齒輪，發布開拓性的科學論文。
他初步估計，地球的溫室氣體的靈敏度有點偏高，以後的工作表現。但他是第一個科學家，以確定在許多方面可能是地球氣溫上升，這些影響將如何加強彼此在氣候和環境產生巨大的變化，包括海平面上升，最終可能淹沒許多世界各大城市。
“他所做的最重要的科學上，曾經有過的最重要的問題，說：”氣候活動家比爾·麥吉本，密切合作，博士漢森。
漢森博士切換左右的時間，他的研究重點，在20世紀70年代開始，全球氣溫急劇上升。在未來的十年中，他默默無聞的勞動，但驚人的六月天於1988年，他被稱為一個國會委員會前作證，人類活動引起的全球氣候變暖已經開始。
詹姆斯．漢森：他對記者說，後來在他的單位的中西部口音，說出了一句，將出現在新聞報導中全國的土地：“現在是時候停止胡扯了這麼多，說的證據是相當強的，溫室效應是在這裡。”
由於氣候的自然變化，這是一個大膽的要求，使溫度上升後僅過了十年，直到今天，他的一些同事不認為他有證據。
然而，隨後發生的事件使他不耐煩了。之日起，他說話的時候，而不是單月的氣溫已跌破20世紀的平均當月。現在世界上一半的人口是太年輕了，沒有經歷過的最後一個寒冷的高於平均水平的一個月，1985年2月
在全球溫度記錄將追溯至1880年，19個最熱的年份都出現在了他的證詞。
一遍又一遍，博士漢森預測，提前了科學界的其餘，可以說，早一點的證據。
“吉姆說：”有一個真正的紀錄，在你面前可以證明他是正確的統計數據，在美國芝加哥大學的行星科學家雷蒙德T. Pierrehumbert。
博士漢森的記錄絕不是一塵不染。即使是一些他的盟友認為他容易出現誇張的言辭和偶爾的科學錯誤。
他曾多次試圖叫的最響亮的氣候變化否認者“反人類罪”。而最近幾年，他說，過多的二氧化碳排放量，最終可能導致失控的溫室效應，將燒開的海洋，使地球無法居住，金星很像。
他的同事們指出，這沒有發生過，即使在極其熱烈的事件在地球的古老歷史。“我有巨大的吉姆尊重，但在這個特殊的情況下，他誇大了風險，說：”丹尼爾·施拉格，地球化學和哈佛中心的負責人，環境，氣候變化仍然深感憂慮。
氣候懷疑論者經常指責漢森博士危言聳聽。，著名的物理學家和氣候逆勢而上，弗里曼·戴森說： “他一貫誇大的危險，” 紐約時報雜誌“，2009年。
也許博士漢森的職業生涯中最大的打擊發生在2005年年底，當一個年輕的政治任命者在開始行使控制權博士漢森的聲明，他向記者喬治·W·布什的管理。漢森博士了公開的鬥爭和管理退縮。
他的一切與保守派的戰鬥，但是，他也一直努力的環保主義者。他是一個失敗的氣候法案在2009年，他們支持的理由，它會發送數十億美元的聯邦政府的庫房沒有有效限制排放量的一個嚴厲批評。
漢森博士同意的價格的二氧化碳排放量是必要的，但他希望把錢退回稅款回扣的形式向公眾。“它需要做的保守原則的基礎上-而不是一角錢使政府更大的，博士說：”漢森，註冊為一個政治獨立。
在這樣一個大的政策的情況下，漢森博士把他的支持打架針對個人的化石燃料項目。的學生引誘他以煤為抗議在2009年，他第一次被捕。那年秋天，他再次被引用的Boston Common公園的帳篷中過夜睡覺後，試圖通過氣候立法，壓力馬薩諸塞州的學生。
“是震撼人心的，有聲援和支持的領導者，這頭獅子的男性，說：” 克雷格S. Altemose，在波士頓抗議的組織者。
漢森說，他感覺一個群眾運動氣候變化，年輕人的帶領下開始。一旦他完成他的最後的論文作為美國航空航天局的員工，他打算給他的全力支持。
“在我這個年齡，”他說，“我不擔心逮捕的記錄。”
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頂尖的氣象學家詹姆斯．漢森提到一些他所參與過關於全球氣候變化的辯論故事，他在這些談論中概述了一個氣候變遷的鐵證，並且說明這些變遷使他對未來深感憂心。
James E. Hansen, the climate scientist who issued the clearest warning of the 20th century about the dangers of global warming, will retire from NASA this week, giving himself more freedom to pursue political and legal efforts to limit greenhouse gases.
Science Times Podcast
Marveling at the efficiency of a killer in the skies and NASA’s household name on climate change takes his fight for the earth’s future into retirement.
0:22Introduction
playmax volume
0:25
9:10The Amazing, Deadly Dragonfly
playmax volume
9:10
9:30James Hansen Retires
playmax volume
9:30
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Dot Earth Blog: James Hansen is Leaving NASA to Intensify His Campaign for Carbon Cuts (April 1, 2013)
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His departure, after a 46-year career at the space agency’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies in Manhattan, will deprive federally sponsored climate research of its best-known public figure.
At the same time, retirement will allow Dr. Hansen to press his cause in court. He plans to take a more active role in lawsuits challenging the federal and state governments over their failure to limit emissions, for instance, as well as in fighting the development in Canada of a particularly dirty form of oil extracted from tar sands.
“As a government employee, you can’t testify against the government,” he said in an interview.
Dr. Hansen had already become an activist in recent years, taking vacation time from NASA to appear at climate protests and allowing himself to be arrested or cited a half-dozen times.
But those activities, going well beyond the usual role of government scientists, had raised eyebrows at NASA headquarters in Washington. “It was becoming clear that there were people in NASA who would be much happier if the ‘sideshow’ would exit,” Dr. Hansen said in an e-mail.
At 72, he said, he feels a moral obligation to step up his activism in his remaining years.
“If we burn even a substantial fraction of the fossil fuels, we guarantee there’s going to be unstoppable changes” in the climate of the earth, he said. “We’re going to leave a situation for young people and future generations that they may have no way to deal with.”
His departure, on Wednesday, will end a career of nearly half a century working not just for a single agency but also in a single building, on the edge of the Columbia University campus.
From that perch, seven floors above the diner made famous by “Seinfeld,” Dr. Hansen battled the White House, testified dozens of times in Congress, commanded some of the world’s most powerful computers and pleaded with ordinary citizens to grasp the basics of a complex science.
His warnings and his scientific papers have drawn frequent attack from climate-change skeptics, to whom he gives no quarter. But Dr. Hansen is a maverick, just as likely to vex his allies in the environmental movement. He supports nuclear power and has taken stands that sometimes undercut their political strategy in Washington.
In the interview and in subsequent e-mails, Dr. Hansen made it clear that his new independence would allow him to take steps he could not have taken as a government employee. He plans to lobby European leaders — who are among the most concerned about climate change — to impose a tax on oil derived from tar sands. Its extraction results in greater greenhouse emissions than conventional oil.
Dr. Hansen’s activism of recent years dismayed some of his scientific colleagues, who felt that it backfired by allowing climate skeptics to question his objectivity. But others expressed admiration for his willingness to risk his career for his convictions.
Initially, Dr. Hansen plans to work out of a converted barn on his farm in Pennsylvania. He has not ruled out setting up a small institute or taking an academic appointment.
He said he would continue publishing scientific papers, but he will no longer command the computer time and other NASA resources that allowed him to track the earth’s rising temperatures and forecast the long-run implications.
Dr. Hansen, raised in small-town Iowa, began his career studying Venus, not the earth. But as concern arose in the 1970s about the effects of human emissions of greenhouse gases, he switched gears, publishing pioneering scientific papers.
His initial estimate of the earth’s sensitivity to greenhouse gases was somewhat on the high side, later work showed. But he was among the first scientists to identify the many ways the planet is likely to respond to rising temperatures and to show how those effects would reinforce one another to produce immense changes in the climate and environment, including a sea level rise that could ultimately flood many of the world’s major cities.
“He’s done the most important science on the most important question that there ever was,” said Bill McKibben, a climate activist who has worked closely with Dr. Hansen.
Around the time Dr. Hansen switched his research focus, in the 1970s, a sharp rise in global temperatures began. He labored in obscurity over the next decade, but on a blistering June day in 1988 he was called before a Congressional committee and testified that human-induced global warming had begun.
Speaking to reporters afterward in his flat Midwestern accent, he uttered a sentence that would appear in news reports across the land: “It is time to stop waffling so much and say that the evidence is pretty strong that the greenhouse effect is here.”
Given the natural variability of climate, it was a bold claim to make after only a decade of rising temperatures, and to this day some of his colleagues do not think he had the evidence.
Yet subsequent events bore him out. Since the day he spoke, not a single month’s temperatures have fallen below the 20th-century average for that month. Half the world’s population is now too young to have lived through the last colder-than-average month, February 1985.
In worldwide temperature records going back to 1880, the 19 hottest years have all occurred since his testimony.
Again and again, Dr. Hansen made predictions that were ahead of the rest of the scientific community and, arguably, a bit ahead of the evidence.
“Jim has a real track record of being right before you can actually prove he’s right with statistics,” said Raymond T. Pierrehumbert, a planetary scientist at the University of Chicago.
Dr. Hansen’s record has by no means been spotless. Even some of his allies consider him prone to rhetorical excess and to occasional scientific error.
He has repeatedly called for trying the most vociferous climate-change deniers for “crimes against humanity.” And in recent years, he stated that excessive carbon dioxide emissions might eventually lead to a runaway greenhouse effect that would boil the oceans and render earth uninhabitable, much like Venus.
His colleagues pointed out that this had not happened even during exceedingly warm episodes in the earth’s ancient past. “I have huge respect for Jim, but in this particular case, he overstated the risk,” said Daniel P. Schrag, a geochemist and the head of Harvard’s Center for the Environment, who is nonetheless deeply worried about climate change.
Climate skeptics have routinely accused Dr. Hansen of alarmism. “He consistently exaggerates all the dangers,” Freeman Dyson, the famed physicist and climate contrarian, told The New York Times Magazine in 2009.
Perhaps the biggest fight of Dr. Hansen’s career broke out in late 2005, when a young political appointee in the administration of George W. Bush began exercising control over Dr. Hansen’s statements and his access to journalists. Dr. Hansen took the fight public and the administration backed down.
For all his battles with conservatives, however, he has also been hard on environmentalists. He was a harsh critic of a failed climate bill they supported in 2009, on the grounds that it would have sent billions into the federal government’s coffers without limiting emissions effectively.
Dr. Hansen agrees that a price is needed on carbon dioxide emissions, but he wants the money returned to the public in the form of rebates on tax bills. “It needs to be done on the basis of conservative principles — not one dime to make the government bigger,” said Dr. Hansen, who is registered as a political independent.
In the absence of such a broad policy, Dr. Hansen has been lending his support to fights against individual fossil fuel projects. Students lured him to a coal protest in 2009, and he was arrested for the first time. That fall he was cited again after sleeping overnight in a tent on the Boston Common with students trying to pressure Massachusetts into passing climate legislation.
“It was just humbling to have that solidarity and support from this leader, this lion among men,” said Craig S. Altemose, an organizer of the Boston protest.
Dr. Hansen says he senses the beginnings of a mass movement on climate change, led by young people. Once he finishes his final papers as a NASA employee, he intends to give it his full support.
“At my age,” he said, “I am not worried about having an arrest record.”
